For example, obesity was recently suggested to induce a low-grade inflammation in horses ( Vick et al., 2007). Horses may suffer from medical conditions that result in a low-grade inflammatory state in different tissues, especially in the liver. Nevertheless, the supplementation did not exert an overall anti-inflammatory effect in horses and ponies. The polyphenol-rich supplement showed some potential to reduce inflammatory responses. LPS was able to induce inflammation but seemed less suitable to induce ER stress in the horses and ponies. The number of hepatic macrophages were not different after LPS challenge in both feeding groups. There were no significant differences between supplemented and placebo groups concerning other markers of inflammation and markers of ER stress within the liver. Levels of the hepatic CD68 mRNA increased significantly in the placebo group ( P = 0.04). In the liver, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β showed significantly lower mRNA levels after LPS challenge in the supplemented group ( P = 0.04) compared to the placebo group. Resultsīlood markers of acute inflammatory response increased after LPS challenge. In addition, liver biopsies were examined histologically for inflammatory alterations. Hepatic mRNA levels of selected markers of inflammation such as haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF- α), IL-1 β, IL-6, cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), NF- κB, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) were quantified by RT-qPCR. Inflammatory blood parameters such as serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) were measured in serum.

Blood samples and liver biopsies were taken at standardized time points: 24 hours before and 12 hours after LPS challenge. After 21 days of supplementation, all animals underwent a LPS challenge to induce moderate systemic inflammation. In a cross-over study, 11 animals were allocated to either a placebo or a supplement group and supplemented with 10 g of a blend of green tea and curcuma extract (GCE) or a placebo (calcium carbonate) once daily. To investigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory reactions and their modulation in horses and ponies by feeding a polyphenol-rich supplement consisting of green tea and curcuma. In particular, ER stress leads to adaptive stress response and can be measured by several markers of inflammatory and stress signalling pathways, like nuclear factor κB (NF-kB). Besides affecting other metabolic pathways such as the expression of certain interleukins (IL), inflammation is associated with stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In horses and ponies numerous medical conditions are known to be linked with inflammation in different tissues, especially in the liver. Effects of a blend of green tea and curcuma extract supplementation on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in horses and ponies. Cite this article Starzonek J, Roscher K, Blüher M, Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Hirz M, Raila J, Vervuert I. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 5 Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Brandenburg, Germany DOI 10.7717/peerj.8053 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Michael Wink Subject Areas Veterinary Medicine, Nutrition Keywords Curcumin, Catechin, Equines, ER-stress, Polyphenols Copyright © 2019 Starzonek et al.

Spicemaster pro v. 2.5 serial